(TOYOTA) Toyota City, Japan, 1937 -
The firm "Toyota Loom Works Autometik" (Toyota Automatic Loom Works) in the last century produced looms. In 1935 she built a prototype 5-seater car, "Toyoda A-1", then the management took the decision on serial production of passenger cars.In August 1937 the firm was founded, "Toyota Motor Company" (Toyota Motor Company). The company started with the release of a model "AA", which looked like an American car "Eyrflou" (Airflow) concern "Chrysler" (Chrysler) in 1934. The first "Toyota" was offered in-line 6-cylinder engine capacity of verhneklapannym 3389 cm3 capacity of 65 horsepower, the same engine "Chevrolet Six" (Chevrolet Six) 1933 release. The model was made until 1943.
The first postwar machine (1947) was an easy "Toyopet-SA" (Toyopet) with 27-horsepower engine capacity of 995 cm3 and two-door notchback. However, its mass production started in the autumn of 1949, when the American occupation authorities finally lifted a ban on the production of passenger cars for personal use.In 1951 production started universal wheel drive vehicle, "Land Cruiser" (Land Cruiser). In 1955, when the production lines, "Toyota" got away annually about 10 thousand cars, there was a sedan "Crown" (Crown) with an engine cylinder capacity of 1453 cm3. In 1957 he was born famous and popular model of the "Crown" (Corona) with engine capacity of 995-1453 cm 3. In 1960 he released a series of small cars, "Crown Sports" (Crown Sport) with a 1.5-liter 72-horsepower engine and a body of fiberglass. A year later, there was small-size model of the "public" (Publica) with 2-cylinder air-cooled 697 cm3.
In 1962, "Toyota" issue noted millionth vehicle. Run through took 25 years but two millionth car was built in 3 years. The most popular and well known model of the "Corolla" (Corolla) appeared in 1966. She had a 2-door sedan body length of 3845 mm and was equipped with a 4-cylinder engine in 1087 cm3 60 hp Simultaneously enrolled in a sports car for sale "2000GT" with a 6-cylinder engine in 1988 cm3. The following year released a high-end model "Century" (Century) with a 3.0-liter V8.During the next three years, "Corolla" equipped with a 4-cylinder engines-mi swept volume in 1166, 1407 and 1588 cm3, the "crown-and a" motor of 1858 cm3, and the "Crown" sold with a V8 engine cylinder capacity of 2599 cm3. In 1969 appeared one-millionth car popular brand "Corona".
In December 1970, released a coupe "Celica-GT" (Celica) with an engine cylinder capacity of 1588 cm3, and the sedan "Karina" (Carina) with engines in 1407 and 1588 cm3. In 1972, "Toyota" mark the launch of 10 million cars (the percentage of "Corolla" was 3 million). At the same time came the middle class sedan "Cressida" (Cressida) with 4 - and 6-cylinder engines in 1968 and 2563 cm3.
The following year, based on the "Corolla" released compact "Starlet" (Starlet) with sedan and coupe. "Starlet" became heir to the series of "public." In 1979, the range of "Toyota" included a coupe "Starlet" (1166 and 1290 cm3) and the "Celica" (1588 and 1968 cm3), sedans "Tersel" (Tercel), "Karen" (1588 and 1968 cm3) and "Cressida" (1968 cm3). At the top of the program was a "Crown" class "suite" with a 6-cylinder gasoline engine working volume of 2563 cm3 or 4-cylinder diesel engine in a 2188 cm3.
To confirm its leading position in Japan and the world market and the overall production of cars, "Toyota" in 1980 exceeded 3 million, the company significantly expanded its product range by introducing into it a few new series of models and leveraging a number have already become popular families: "Tersel", "Corsa" (Corsa), "Starlet", "Corolla", "Sprinter" (Sprinter), "Karen" and "Crown". In 1982, a new front-wheel model of the middle class, "Camry" (Camry), available with in-line 4-cylinder engines and V6 engine cylinder capacity of 2506 cm3. In 1984, "Toyota" has become the third largest producer of automobiles after the U.S. concerns "GM" (General Motors) and "Ford" (Ford). In the same year appeared a compact sports coupe "MR2" rear-linking. The following year, was shown a new front-wheel-sports series "Celica" with a working volume of highly accelerated engines 1.6-2.0 liter. In 1988, the "Celica Turbo" was presented in four-wheel drive version with a turbocharged engine to 185 hp Soon came touring with increased capacity "Preview" (Previa). By the end of the 80s the entire program, "Toyota" has been updated.
The beginning of the 90 marked the release of 70 millionth car. In 1991, new generation front-drive family "Tersel" and the "Camry", as well as 4-seater coupe "Paseo" (Paseo) with 4-cylinder engine in 1497 cm3, updated in 1996. In 1992 followed the most radical modernization of the mass of the series "Corolla", which is offered with 2 -, 3 -, 4 - and 5-door-governmental body, as well as different engine capacity ranging from 1332 to 1975 cm3. In 1993 he saw the light of the new generation sports coupe "Celica", equipped with engines front transverse arrangement in 1762-1998 cm3. Since that time offered an updated unified series "Karen" and "crown" with 4 - and 5-door body and a 3-door coupe "Supra" (Supra) with a 3-liter turbo-supercharged engine 330 hp
In 1996, the updated series "Camry", and released 5-door 6-seater wagon with increased capacity (OLA), "Picnic" (Picnic), which is equipped with engine capacity of 1998 cm3 capacity of 128 hp On the basis of "Tersel", updated in 1995, is a new sedan "Thessalonica" (Soluna). Range of light commercial vans closes 8-bedded "Preview" in-line 4-cylinder 2.4-liter engine capacity of 132 hp, horizontally located in the central part of the chassis. In early 1998, "Toyota" has introduced a new mid-range car "Avensis" (Avensis), calculated on the European market (available in England).
A large role in the "Toyota" play-wheel-drive passenger and cargo vehicles. The main result is a series of "Land Cruiser", offered in different models with 3 - and 5-door body for 5-8 persons with engine capacity of 2694 cm3 to 4477 up to 215 hp A series of "Fore-runner" (4-Runner), established on the basis of four-wheel drive pickup truck in 1995 sold the engines to 2694-3378 cm3, developing 125-185 bhpSince 1994, the compact four-wheel drive comes walking RAV-4 for outdoor recreation. It is equipped with a third 5-door body and a 2-liter engine at 129 or 165 hp Today, "Toyota" is one of the largest and most efficient working of automobile companies in the world.
The production program production covers almost all classes and types of vehicles and has more than 30 families of models - from compact "Starlet" to the executive car "Century." They include four series of models sporting character, OLA 5 series (MPVs) and 5 series of multi-wheel-drive vehicles. In the period from 1997 to March 1998 commercial production of a further nine models (families). This OLA "Save" (Spacio), "Siena" (Sienna) and "Rauma" (Raum), four-wheel drive multipurpose "Land Cruiser" series "100" and "Harrier" (Harrier), a family of European models of cars, "Corolla" and " Avensis ", as well as class car" Century "with a 5-liter V12.Specially marked "Prius" (Prius) - the world's first serial car of a small class with a very complex power unit comprising an electric motor-generator power 41 hp gasoline engine at 58 hp universal and planetary gear that connects the engine to the drive wheels. As an energy storage device for operational purposes and rapid acceleration is the battery of 40 nikelmetallogidridnyh batteries. "Prius" has very low emissions and high fuel efficiency.
For the United States and certain other markets, where the word "Toyota" is associated with massive and cheap products are made cars more high-class brand "Le ksus" (Lexus). And in many countries, both brands are sold separately. The first model of the "Lexus", which appeared in 1988 in the U.S. - a comfortable sedan "LS400" with a 4-liter V8, the same type of model "Tselsior" (Celsior). In 1997 came new "LS400" second generation with a more powerful engine at 294 hp
All models are "Lexus" is a comfortable performance of their counterparts, better known under the name "Toyota". For example, the cheapest "ES300" in the "Lexus" is a variant of "Camry" with a 3-liter V6 engine and front wheel drive. Models "GS300" and "GS400" (new 1997) with 3 - and 4-liter engines are analogous to "Toyota Aristo" (Aristo). Coupe "SC300" and "SC400" - the same type "Toyota Soarer" (Soarer).
All-wheel drive models, multi-purpose wagon "RX300" and "LX470" (new 1997) was not significantly different from the models of "Harrier" and "Land Cruiser" series "100". The first features a 3-liter V6 rated at 223 hp, while the second - 4.7-liter "eight" to 234 hp

Toyota 4Runner
The car Toyota 4Runner (aka Hilux Surf) was born in 1984. based on a pickup truck Toyota (aka Tacoma, Hilux). Since then 4Ranner (Hilux Surf) was replaced by four generations:
1. 1984-88g.
2. 1988-96g.
3. 1996-2002.
4. 2002. - To this day.
All generations have their own characteristics but maintain membership in the category of "compact SUV» (or compact SUV). Characteristic features of the model are relatively small and very roomy cabin luggage (effect relationship with a pickup).All this is located on the frame and coupled with robust suspension, engine and transmission.

The first generation of 1984-88g.

Three-door body with a plastic top. Practically does not differ from the pickup Hilux.

The rear door with swinging glass standpipe. Completely dependent front and rear suspension to 1986-7 period. Engines - 2.0 and 2.4 liters (22R - 90 strength 175N / m) gasoline. Front Suspension: dependent - spring, with 86g. - Independent torsion bar. Transmission - Part Time. Stupichnye hubs. The variant of 4X2. Transmission -mechanical. These machines are not many left, especially in Russia. However, theyare being used successfully in the States and other countries to build a highlymodified and sport utility vehicles.

The second generation 1988-96g.

This generation represents 90% of all European and Russian markets, 4Runner, and Surf.

The new model is radically different from its predecessor. In particular this applies to the body. The five-door with an all-metal roof, new body looks quite modern, the interior with a wealth of different versions (suede, leather, sunroof). There were all the "comfort" option, type the full e-mail. package, air conditioning, power. Mirrors itp Comes into the world famous back door - for drop type (as an opening for pick-up) with automatic windows. In 1992 he made a light restyling of the body that encompasses mostly the front and rear lights, size, turn signals and grille.
Front suspension is independent torsion bar, but performed very reliably (especially in comparison with a classmate Terrano1). With proper maintenance, IFS 4Rannera withstand severe loads (heavy off-road, towing and cargo transportation, "active" style of riding on the pavement). Very often the front IFS on the second generation is replaced by a dependent suspension from the first generation (clearly visible in the pictures).
There are new engines: the most common is a gasoline fuel-injected engine 3VZ-E (145-3L forces 245N / m 2 V6 valves per cylinder). Old good 4 cylinder 22R is updated on a 22R-E 115 and receives power and 190 N / m. This engine is also very common (especially in the U.S.). Just came diesels: 2L-T (90 2.4l turbo forces) and the '92 1KZ-T (125 300N force / M @ 2000ob/min, 3l. Turbo).
Transmission also has changed, but remained Part Time. The variant of 4X2.Transmission - mechanical or automatic. Rear axles basically LSD (friction type - speed sensitive). A very useful innovation - ADD Toyotovskaya system - Is the lack of notorious stupichnyh couplings. Means of electro-pneumatic actuator opens the left-hand axis of the front axle. The differential in this case actually is open and does not create a resistance movement, but he is constantly lubricated.
Front-wheel drive is very reliable. In conjunction with a hub in 4Rannere used bronze bushings instead of bearings needle bearings. Themselves sleeve can withstand much higher loads in severe conditions than bearing a reasonable size for a given node. Resource Service of the sleeves large enough - if the required number of correct lubrication in stupichnom site - they go more than 100 tons km. Naturally, in the absence of lubrication, beatings and other faults - they are dying. Only in such a situation, bearing die with the same success. The cost of bush - around 6 $
Model for second-generation 4Runner is available a huge number of aftermarket products. It's all kinds of Body and Suspension Lift Kits, Diff Locks, LSD Diffs, bumper, snorkel, details of transmission, from serious producers LIKE: ARB, Superlift, Performance Accessories, Trac Tech, Trail Master itp This generation of runner, like the first, is often used in the U.S. and other countries to build a "prototype" and "monsters."

Third Generation 1996-2002.

Starting in 1996. there is the third generation 4Runner (or Hilux Surf). As with previous generations of change, Toyota offers us a whole new platform.

The body is slightly larger, more "inflated" and the modern. More spacious and rich interior with different options. Unfortunately, this change Generation 4Runner stopped supply to Europe. Instead, he went to Europe, the so-called Land Cruiser 90, the essence of which consists only in the other body (a lot) that Toyota "pulled" on the chassis of the third generation Hilux Surf or 4Runner. This step was motivated by the Toyota, which is poorer (compared to American and Arab), the European market, it was necessary to create competition Pajero, as the LandCruiser 80 (100) was more expensive and larger, and 4Runner are cheaper, but less. Pajero occupied an intermediate niche between compact and full-size SUVs. LandCruiser 90 amounted to a very large Pajero competition because of its size and the parameters were similar to the last.
Completely redesigned suspension and a whole has become more flexible. The front IFS was the spring.
Transmission has a lockable center differential and has FULL TIME. The variant of 4X2. Optional cross-axle lock as well as, multi-mode transfer case, combining the mode FULL TIME and the ability to disable the front axle (multi mod 4WD, analog Padzherovskogo Superselect). It is also possible the good old Part Time.
New engines: 5VZ-FE - 24 valve petrol V6 (3.4l 185 forces 300 N / M) replaces 3VZ-E. The four-cylinder 3RZ-FE (16-valve, 2.7l 150 forces, 240N / m) replaces the 22R-E. In right-handers (Hilux Surf) to replace 1KZ-T diesel engines come 1KZ-TE - 130 forces, and 1KZ-Ti 3-liter turbo intercooler - 145 strength 345N / M @ 2000ob/min. In recent years, the latest release came diesel - 1KD-FTV - 16 valve, 4 cylinder, direct inject (D4D), 3-liter, turbo intercooler - 170 strength 352N / m @ 1500 rpm. This engine will be installed on the fourth generation model. None of the diesel is not available in the U.S.. Accordingly, since 1996 4Runner is a diesel version of the Hilux Surf, ie the right-hand drive. The only exceptions are models 4Runner third and fourth generations of left-hand drive c, supplied by Toyota in Europe for the UN and NATO (in the free market them - there are only written off).

The fourth-generation 2002. +

It is the latest 4Runner (Hilux Surf). The car became more and more modern.

New car, new suspension, new engines. In Europe, as supplied new LC90, which isclose enough in design to 4Ranneru. Also on the chassis of the new Hilux Surf (4Runner, LC90) was first released Lexus GX470.
Suspension 4Rannera new completely redesigned. The front IFS is spring-loaded, rear-dependent spring. The latest active gas-hydraulic system X-reas (optional).
The all-new transmission or FULL TIME MULTI MOD 4WD. Center differentiallock TORSEN c. The variant of 4X2.
New engines: 4-liter 24-valve V6 VVTi 245 forces petrol, 4.7-liter 32 valvesV8 gasoline power 235. At the Surf as possible the old 3.4l petrol and diesel 1KD-FTV.